???? 據3月24日The Hydrogen Economy報道，2020年，沙特阿拉伯的國家石油公司沙特阿美(Saudi Aramco)宣布將啟動美國以外最大的頁巖氣開發項目，這一消息在天然氣市場引發了巨大沖擊。沙特阿美表示，計劃在未來幾年斥資1100億美元開發Jafurah天然氣田，該氣田估計蘊藏200萬億立方英尺的天然氣。這家國有公司希望在2024年從Jafurah啟動天然氣生產，到2036年達到22億立方英尺/天的天然氣銷售，并包含每天4.25億立方英尺的乙烷產量。
????但是，沙特阿美現在宣布，不再將這些天然氣以液化天然氣(LNG)的形式出口，而是將其用于制造更清潔的燃料——藍氫。
????在周一的公司財報電話會議上，沙特阿美首席執行官告訴投資者，沙特阿美轉而發展氫氣。納賽爾表示，沙特目前的計劃是生產足夠的天然氣供國內使用，以停止發電廠燃燒石油，并將剩余的天然氣轉化為氫氣。藍氫由天然氣通過蒸汽甲烷重整(SMR)或自熱蒸汽重整(ATR)制成，產生的二氧化碳被捕獲并儲存起來。由于溫室氣體被捕獲，從而減輕了對地球環境的影響。
????去年，沙特阿美從沙特阿拉伯向日本出口了世界上第一批藍氨。值得一提的是，日本是一個多山的地形，該國極端的地震活動使其不適合發展可持續的可再生能源。當前，日本正在尋找可靠的氫燃料供應商，沙特阿拉伯和澳大利亞在其候選名單上。
????德國表示，它需要“大量”綠氫，并希望沙特阿拉伯成為其供應商。去年，德國內閣承諾投資90億歐元(約合102億美元)開發氫技術，以實現經濟脫碳和減少二氧化碳排放。德國計劃到2030年建立5000兆瓦的電解產能，到2040年再建立5000兆瓦的電解產能，以生產燃料氫。但很明顯，德國已經意識到，它無法獨自完成這個目標。
????對德國來說，幸運的是，沙特阿拉伯正在開發世界上最大的綠氫工廠。
????沙特阿拉伯是可再生能源發電的最佳場所，擁有驕陽當空的廣袤土地和持續不斷的紅海微風。然而，這家石油巨頭直到現在都沒能好好利用這些能源。
????沙特政府正在建設一座造價50億美元的綠氫工廠Helios，該工廠將于2025年投入使用，為計劃中的超級城市Neom提供能源。這個氫氣工廠將利用太陽能和風能產生4吉瓦的清潔能源來生產氫氣。
????值得一提的是，該工廠可能很快就能生產出比石油更便宜的氫氣。
????彭博新能源財經(BNEF)估計，到2030年，Helios的成本可能達到每公斤1.5美元，遠低于綠氫每公斤5美元的平均成本，甚至低于從天然氣裂解中獲得的灰氫的成本。沙特阿拉伯擁有熱烈的陽光、風能和大片未使用的土地，在綠色氫能源產業中享有巨大的競爭優勢。
????王佳晶 摘譯自 The Hydrogen Economy
????原文如下：
????Saudi Arabia Skips LNG, Bets Big On Hydrogen
????Last year, Saudi Arabia’s national oil company Saudi Aramco sent shockwaves through the natural gas markets after it announced that it was kicking off the biggest shale gas development outside of the United States. Saudi Aramco said it plans to spend $110 billion over the next couple of years to develop the Jafurah gas field, which is estimated to hold 200 trillion cubic feet of gas. The state-owned company hopes to start natural gas production from Jafurah in 2024 and reach 2.2 Bcf/d of sales gas by 2036 with an associated 425 million cubic feet per day of ethane.
????And Aramco has now announced that instead of chilling that gas and exporting it as LNG, it will instead use it to make much cleaner fuel: Blue hydrogen.
????During the company’s earnings call on Monday, Saudi Aramco CEO told investors that Aramco plans to develop its LNG sector in favor of hydrogen. Nasser said that the kingdom’s immediate plan is to produce enough natural gas for domestic use to stop burning oil in its power plants and convert the remainder into hydrogen. Blue hydrogen is made from natural gas either by Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) or Auto Thermal Reforming (ATR) with the CO2 generated captured and then stored. As the greenhouse gasses are captured, this mitigates the environmental impacts on the planet.
????Last year, Aramco made the world’s first blue ammonia shipment--from Saudi Arabia to Japan. Japan—a country whose mountainous terrain and extreme seismic activity render it unsuitable for the development of sustainable renewable energy—is looking for dependable suppliers of hydrogen fuel with Saudi Arabia and Australia on its shortlist.
????Germany has also said it needs “enormous” volumes of green hydrogen, and it hopes Saudi Arabia will be a supplier. Last year, Germany’s cabinet committed to investing €9B (about $10.2B) in hydrogen technology in a bid to decarbonize the economy and cut CO2 emissions. The government has proposed to build an electrolysis capacity of 5,000MW by 2030 and another 5,000MW by 2040 over the following decade to produce fuel hydrogen. But apparently, the European giant has realized it cannot do this alone.
????Luckily for Germany, Saudi Arabia is now developing the biggest green hydrogen plant in the world.
????$5B Green Hydrogen
????With its sun-scorched expanses and steady Red Sea breezes, Saudi Arabia is prime real estate for renewable energy generation. The oil giant has, however, failed to put all that energy into good use--until now.
????The Saudi government is building a $5 billion green hydrogen plant that will power the planned megacity of Neom when it opens in 2025. Dubbed Helios Green Fuels, the hydrogen plant will use solar and wind energy to generate 4GW of clean energy that will be used to produce hydrogen.
????But here’s the main kicker: Helios could soon produce hydrogen that’s cheaper than oil.
????Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) estimates that Helios’ costs could reach $1.50 per kilogram by 2030, way cheaper than the average cost of green hydrogen at $5 per kilogram and even cheaper than gray hydrogen made from cracking natural gas. Saudi Arabia enjoys serious competitive advantage in the green hydrogen business thanks to its perpetual sunshine, wind, and vast tracts of unused land.
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